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- <text id=93TT0420>
- <title>
- Nov. 01, 1993: The $2 Billion Hole
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Nov. 01, 1993 Howard Stern & Rush Limbaugh
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 69
- The $2 Billion Hole
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Why Congress finally pulled the plug on the world's biggest
- and most expensive physics experiment
- </p>
- <p>By MICHAEL D. LEMONICK--Reported by Carlton Stowers/Waxahachie and Dick Thompson/Washington
- </p>
- <p> Jeffrey Grossholz has pulled up stakes 36 times during his
- career, but in 1989 he came to Waxahachie, Texas, to stay. While
- the 50-year-old structural engineer had helped build plenty
- of shopping malls and bridges in his time, they seemed like
- nothing when he first heard of the superconducting supercollider
- (SSC). Recalls Grossholz: "I said, `This is it.' It was a helluva
- project, something we could all have been proud of, something
- we could have passed on to our kids."
- </p>
- <p> Now Grossholz is in shock, as are thousands of other engineers,
- construction workers, scientists--and most of Texas. With
- $2 billion already spent and the project 20% complete, the world's
- largest and most sophisticated scientific instrument, a particle
- accelerator designed to probe the innermost secrets of the universe,
- was canceled last week by a 282-to-143 vote in the House of
- Representatives. Said Ohio Democrat Eric Fingerhut: "This was
- a project that we couldn't afford. We need to take every opportunity
- to reduce our deficit."
- </p>
- <p> The SSC's supporters were appalled. "It's disheartening that
- a large number of fairly intelligent people could do such a
- dumb thing," lamented Nobel-prizewinning physicist Leon Lederman.
- His frustration is understandable. Since the 1930s, physicists
- have been using accelerators to smash atoms together and analyze
- the debris, with an impressive result: the discovery that matter
- in all its complex forms seems to be made up of just a few simple
- particles operating under a handful of basic forces. But this
- so-called Standard Model is a puzzle that's not quite complete,
- and finding the last pieces would take something like the SSC.
- The 10,000 superconducting magnets in the collider's planned
- 54-mile underground oval tunnel were going to accelerate protons
- to nearly the speed of light, then crash them together with
- unprecedented power.
- </p>
- <p> Pleading for the SSC before Congress, researchers like Lederman
- used the Ultimate Quest argument; others spoke of retaining
- America's leadership in science and technology, or of the jobs
- SSC would generate, or of practical spin-offs, including improvements
- in superconducting materials and computer software. Nonetheless,
- the project's super price tag--originally estimated at $5
- billion but up to $11 billion at last count--was a perpetual
- and powerful counterargument. Specialists in other fields of
- science, and even different areas of physics, resented such
- largesse being heaped on a relatively small number of researchers
- at a time of national belt tightening.
- </p>
- <p> It's tempting to call the SSC's demise the end of big science,
- but it would be more accurate to describe it as the end of big,
- bloated, bungled science. The original budget turned out to
- have omitted several crucial items that surfaced only after
- Congress approved the project. The superconducting magnets had
- to be designed a second time after the first try failed. And
- in June, Energy Department investigators reported that employees
- were living it up at SSC's Dallas headquarters, freely spending
- taxpayers' money on liquor, lavish parties and office decor
- ($56,000 went for potted plants). Energy Secretary Hazel O'Leary
- fired the University Research Association, the nonprofit consortium
- running the project, for failure to track costs and schedules.
- </p>
- <p> As early as 1992, the House voted 232 to 181 to kill the SSC,
- but it was saved in a Senate-House conference. After last week's
- House vote, though, Senate supporters knew they could not rescue
- the SSC this time. Just about all the taxpayers have for their
- $2 billion is a complex of buildings and 14.7 miles of tunnel
- under the Texas prairie.
- </p>
- <p> The loss of the SSC, along with a near cancellation of NASA's
- space station Freedom last spring, raises questions about whether
- the U.S. will ever again tackle so massive a scientific enterprise.
- Probably not without help, says Erich Bloch, former head of
- the National Science Foundation: "There's no single country,
- including ours, that can afford such a big project." In the
- future, U.S. scientists will have to rely more on international
- partnerships. A model is the Switzerland-based CERN laboratory,
- a consortium financed by 18 countries that is building its own
- giant accelerator. The large hadron collider will be only 40%
- as powerful as the SSC, but has a good chance of doing comparable
- science. That won't be much consolation, though, to the people
- who converged on Waxahachie expecting to take part in the grandest
- experiment of all time.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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